MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

DOUGLAS P. WOODLOCK, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE.

This is an insurance coverage declaratory action arising from personal injury litigation. Before me are cross motions for summary judgment on the question whether plaintiff Scottsdale Insurance Company ("Scottsdale") must provide defendant United Rentals (North America), Inc. ("United Rentals") with coverage as an additional insured on the policy at issue.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

In a contract dated June 22, 2007, Gomes Services, Inc. ("Gomes") rented an electric boom lift from United Rentals. Gomes used that lift at a trade show held at the Rhode Island Convention Center, where on June 26, 2007 an accident occurred. Guy Ayotte, the plaintiff in the underlying action, was struck and injured by the lift, which was then being operated by Gomes employee Mario Perez. At that time, Gomes was insured by Scottsdale. United Rentals had its own insurance policies, two of which are at issue in this litigation and now asserts that it was an additional insured on the Scottsdale policy as well. The relevant features of these contracts and policies will be described as they arise in the analysis of the legal questions presented.

After the accident, Ayotte and his wife filed suit in Rhode Island state court against United Rentals, Gomes, and others.1 Ayotte ex. rel. Ayotte v. Perez, C.A. No. 10-2164 (R.I. Super. Ct., amended complaint filed Mar. 11, 2011). Three counts in the amended complaint assert causes of action against United Rentals and are relevant here: Negligent Operation and Ownership Liability (Count I); Negligent Maintenance of a Dangerous Instrumentality (Count V), and Negligent Hiring of a Dangerous Instrumentality (Count VI). At the heart of the claims against United Rentals is the allegation that the lift should have been properly equipped with an alarm which warned bystanders of the lift's approach, but that the lift emitted no audible sounds at the time.

On August 24, 2011, United Rentals requested that Scottsdale defend and indemnify it against the claims raised in the state litigation, based on its status as an additional insured. Although there was significant correspondence on the matter, both between Scottsdale and United Rentals and internally within Scottsdale — including a September 25, 2012 letter from Scottsdale to United Rentals that could be understood as offering United Rentals a defense — Scottsdale has at no point paid for United Rentals' defense in the underlying suit.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, summary judgment is appropriate where there "is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). Cross-motions for summary judgment do not alter this standard, but rather require a determination of whether either party can show an entitlement to judgment as a matter of law based on the undisputed facts. Adria Int'l Grp., Inc. v. Ferre Dev., Inc., 241 F.3d 103, 107 (1st Cir.2001). The interpretation of an insurance contract is a question of law. Cody v. Connecticut Gen. Life Ins. Co., 387 Mass. 142, 439 N.E.2d 234, 237 (1982).

III. CHOICE OF LAW

The threshold question in this case is what law is to be applied. The accident and litigation occurred in Rhode Island, but Gomes is located in Massachusetts and its insurance contract was negotiated there. A federal court sitting in diversity applies the choice of law rules of the forum state. Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Elec. Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 487, 496, 61 S.Ct. 1020, 85 L.Ed. 1477 (1941). In determining what state's law applies to a particular matter, Massachusetts uses a "functional" approach that is informed by the Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws. Taylor v. E. Connection Operating, Inc., 465 Mass. 191, 988 N.E.2d 408, 411 (2013), citing Bushkin Assocs., Inc. v. Raytheon Co., 393 Mass. 622, 473 N.E.2d 662 (1985). The first step in this analysis is to determine whether there is an actual conflict between the laws of the states involved. Cohen v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 389 Mass. 327, 450 N.E.2d 581, 584 n. 7 (1983). Where both parties agree on the proper substantive law to be applied, there is generally no need to engage in further choice-of-law analysis. See, e.g., Williams v. Astra USA, Inc., 68 F.Supp.2d 29, 36 (D.Mass.1999) ("neither party has raised the substantive law of any jurisdiction other than Massachusetts, and for that reason this Court does not opine on the law of Michigan").

Here, both parties agree that if a choice-of-laws analysis were to be undertaken, Massachusetts would provide the substantive law to be applied in this action, although they disagree as to why. Moreover, the parties acknowledged during the hearing in this matter that as concerns an insurer's duty to defend — the core issue for this summary judgment motion — Rhode Island and Massachusetts employ substantially the same test, which compares the pleadings in the underlying suit with the insurance policy. Compare Derderian v. Essex Ins. Co., 44 A.3d 122, 127 (R.I.2012) ("if the pleadings recite facts bringing the injury complained of within the coverage of the insurance policy, the insurer must defend irrespective of the insured's ultimate liability to the plaintiff") with Sterilite Corp. v. Cont'l Cas. Co., 17 Mass.App.Ct. 316, 458 N.E.2d 338, 340 (1983) ("if the allegations of the complaint are `reasonably susceptible' of an interpretation that they state or adumbrate a claim covered by the policy terms, the insurer must undertake the defense"). See also Mount Vernon Fire Ins. Co. v. Stagebands, Inc., 636 F.Supp.2d 143, 147 (D.R.I. 2009) (applying Rhode Island law and citing the Massachusetts Sterilite case). While the Massachusetts standard perhaps allows for a looser fit between pleadings and policies, the difference is slight enough in the absence of disagreement between the parties, that further analysis of choice of law is unwarranted. Massachusetts law will govern this summary judgment motion. Apart from this default approach, it also is my own tentative independent view on the merits that Massachusetts law should apply. However, if an issue is raised on which a material conflict exists between Massachusetts and Rhode Island law, the parties may raise additional choice-of-law concerns at that point in the litigation.

IV. ANALYSIS

A. Indemnification

Both Scottsdale and United Rentals seek declarations concerning Scottsdale's duty to defend and indemnify United Rentals. A declaration regarding indemnification, however, is untimely and must wait until the underlying action has been resolved. Whereas an insurer's duty to defend is "measured by the allegations of the underlying complaint," the duty to indemnify is "determined by the facts, which are usually established at trial." Travelers Ins. Co. v. Waltham Indus. Labs. Corp., 883 F.2d 1092, 1099 (1st Cir. 1989), citing Newell-Blais Post No. 443 v. Shelby Mut. Ins., 396 Mass. 633, 487 N.E.2d 1371, 1374 (1986).

Accordingly, a declaratory judgment is not yet ripe for consideration regarding the duty to indemnify where, as here, the underlying action has not determined liability or adjudicated factual disputes. Currently, there is no trial date in the Ayotte suit. "[A]ny determination as to the obligation of the insurer to indemnify its insured would now be premature and must await the resolution of the underlying claim." Spoor-Lasher Company, Inc. v. Aetna Casualty and Surety Co., 39 N.Y.2d 875, 386 N.Y.S.2d 221, 352 N.E.2d 139 (1976) (relied upon in Sterilite Corporation v. Continental Casualty Company, 458 N.E.2d at 341); see also John Beaudette, Inc. v. Sentry Ins. A Mut. Co., 94 F.Supp.2d 77, 103 (D.Mass.1999). For that reason, I will dismiss the claims seeking declaratory judgment regarding indemnification without prejudice to the filing of a new action should subsequent developments justify it. Many of parties' arguments about the scope of coverage are immaterial in determining Scottsdale's duty to defend and must wait until the state litigation is resolved and questions of indemnification are fully framed and timely.

B. Duty to Defend

1. Legal Standards

Under Massachusetts law, an insurer's duty to defend is triggered when the allegations of the complaint are "reasonably susceptible" of an interpretation that "roughly sketches a claim covered by the policy terms." Billings v. Commerce Ins. Co., 458 Mass. 194, 936 N.E.2d 408, 414 (2010). This duty extends broadly, and the insured party bears only the burden of showing a "possibility" that the liability is covered. Herbert A. Sullivan, Inc. v. Utica Mut. Ins. Co., 439 Mass. 387, 788 N.E.2d 522, 531 (2003). In contrast, the insurer is excused from the duty to defend when "the allegations in the underlying complaint lie expressly outside the policy coverage and its purpose." Id. In comparing the allegations to the policy's coverage, the court must look beyond the causes of action pled in the underlying complaint and to the facts and injuries alleged. Global NAPs, Inc. v. Fed. Ins. Co., 336 F.3d 59, 62 (1st Cir.2003).

Where an insured is covered as an additional insured, the complaint is properly matched to the additional insured provision to determine the potential for coverage. See Great N. Ins. Co. v. Paino Associates, 369 F.Supp.2d 177, 186 (D.Mass.2005). Insurance policies, like all contracts, "are to be construed according to the fair and reasonable meaning of the words in which the agreement of the parties is expressed." Cody, 439 N.E.2d at 237.

The burdens of persuasion begin with the obligation of the insured party to prove coverage and then may shift to the insurer to prove that an exclusion applies. Manganella v. Evanston Ins. Co., 746 F.Supp.2d 338, 345 (D.Mass.2010) aff'd, 700 F.3d 585 (1st Cir.2012). Once the insured party's ultimate burden regarding coverage is satisfied with regard to at least one claim against the insured, the insurer has a duty to defend generally. Dilbert v. Hanover Ins. Co., 63 Mass.App.Ct. 327, 825 N.E.2d 1071, 1075 (2005). Taken together, these legal propositions mean that if United Rentals shows that the allegations against it could give rise to a covered claim and if Scottsdale cannot show that such a claim would be expressly excluded, then Scottsdale owes United Rentals a full defense in the underlying suit.

2. The Scottsdale Policy

The Gomes insurance policy issued by Scottsdale provides for the inclusion of additional insured parties. The blanket additional insured endorsement in that policy states:

Thus, United Rentals was an additional insured under this provision if Gomes and United Rentals had executed a written contract requiring Gomes to add United Rentals to the policy before the accident and if the liability in question was for injuries caused by the acts of Gomes. Scottsdale contests both prongs of the additional insured inquiry.

3. The Gomes Contract Requires United Rentals to be Added as an Additional Insured

It must first be determined whether Gomes and United Rentals had executed a written contract that required Gomes to add United Rentals to its insurance policy.2 The relevant portion of their contract states:

This provision, while clumsily drafted, unambiguously shows that Gomes had a contractual obligation to name United Rentals as an additional insured. Neither sentence, on its own, states explicitly that United Rentals was to be an additional insured, but taken together, that is their clear effect. By referring to "such insurance" in the second sentence, the contract refers to the insurance that Gomes agreed to secure in the first sentence. By requiring Gomes to provide, upon request, proof that "such" insurance — again, the same insurance in both sentences — names United as additional insured, the second sentence assumes that United is indeed obligated to be an additional insured. While that assumption is not explicitly stated in the first sentence, it is the only meaning that can sensibly be derived from the language of the contract.

Scottsdale's alternative reading of the second sentence — that a request was necessary before Gomes was obligated to name United Rentals as additional insured — does not fit the language of the contract. After a request, the customer is obligated to "supply ... proof" of its insurance coverage, not to add or amend its coverage. That proof is contractually expected to show that United Rentals was additional insured, not change the parties' legal relations. The only reading of this contract that makes sense of the reference to United as an additional insured is one in which the contract obligates Gomes to make United Rentals an additional insured.

Scottsdale offers a second explanation why this provision is insufficient to constitute a contractual obligation to add United Rentals as additional insured: that it is limited to requiring Gomes to insure itself against damage to United Rentals' equipment. Scottsdale argues that nothing in the Gomes-United Rentals contract requires Gomes to extend its liability coverage to United Rentals as an additional insured. Once again, this is a strained reading of the contract. United Rentals acknowledges that its primary concern in drafting this provision was to protect against damage to its equipment. But the provision is not so narrowly limited. While this provision requires Gomes to cover insurance "for the full replacement cost of the Equipment," which might be seen as so constrained, it also requires coverage "to cover any damage or liability arising from the handling, transportation, maintenance, operation, possession or use of the Equipment." The word "any" establishes that this requires insurance against a broad category of risks, not merely damage to the equipment. Moreover, the phrase "arising from" under Massachusetts law, "must be read expansively." Bagley v. Monticello Ins. Co., 430 Mass. 454, 720 N.E.2d 813, 816 (1999). It is most akin to "but for causation." Id. By referring to any liability factually caused by the use of the Equipment, the contract requires Gomes to insure against more than simply physical damage to equipment; holding otherwise would write out of the contract a full clause and give effect only to the discussion of equipment replacement costs. This provision required coverage broad enough to satisfy the requirements of the Scottsdale additional insured endorsement.

The relevant case law provides further support for United Rentals in this matter. Scottsdale urges that this case is controlled by RCS Group, Inc. v. Lamonica Const. Co., 75 Mass.App.Ct. 613, 916 N.E.2d 381 (2009). In that case, a subcontractor agreed to maintain such contractor "as will protect it and [the general contractor]" from specified claims. At issue was whether the subcontractor could discharge that duty by purchasing sufficient insurance for itself or was obligated to name the general contractor as an additional insured; the court ruled that either was permissible under the contract. Scottsdale suggests that this shows that the Gomes-United Rentals contract was merely a contract requiring Gomes to insure itself, not to add United Rentals as an additional insured. But Lamonica does not stand for that proposition. First, the contractual language was different. The court in Lamonica emphasized the meaning of the word "protect," which does not appear in the Gomes-United Rentals contract, and held that either alternative would sufficiently protect the general contractor. That argument is inapplicable to this contract; the functional question of whether a party was protected is not at issue here. Second, the Lamonica contract does not appear to have mentioned additional insureds at all, whereas this contract does. The Lamonica court found the language in that case ambiguous, but that type of ambiguity is not present when the next sentence clarifies that the anticipated method of providing coverage is through making United Rentals an additional insured.

At least two other courts that have interpreted identical contractual provisions have reached the same conclusion as I do here.3 In Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, PA v. United Rentals, No. 04 CH 03276 (Cir. Ct. Cook Cnty., Ill. Oct. 25, 2005), rev'd on other grounds, No. 1-06-2129 (App. Ct. Ill. Feb. 29, 2008), the trial court interpreted the same provision in a United Rentals contract, there made with the Hyatt Corporation. It held that the contract was unambiguous and that "Hyatt had an obligation to procure liability insurance coverage covering United Rentals for its own negligence and strict liability arising out of the use of the Skyjack" and "Hyatt had an obligation to name United Rentals as an additional insured." Accordingly, the court also found that Hyatt's insurer had a duty to defend United Rentals.

Likewise, in Frechette v. United Rentals, Inc., No. WWMCV096000853S, 2011 WL 4583764, at *2 (Conn.Super.Ct. Jan. 25, 2011), a counterclaim defendant moved to strike two counts of the counterclaim on the basis that "although the plain language of the contract might require insurance coverage for the replacement cost of the equipment, it does not require liability insurance, nor does it require United Rental to be covered." The judge, emphasizing the language related to "any damage or liability arising from" and "naming United as loss payee and additional insured," ruled for United Rentals, rejecting the very argument Scottsdale now puts forward. While these opinions are, of course, not binding on this court, each involved precisely the same provision of a standard rental contract. I find them instructive in supporting the conclusion, already clear from the contract, that Gomes had an obligation to provide coverage for United Rentals as an additional insured.4

4. United Rentals' Liability Is for Injury Caused by the Acts of Gomes

The Scottsdale policy only covers United Rentals as an additional insured "with respect to liability for `bodily injury,' `property damage' or `personal and advertising injury' caused, in whole or in part, by" the acts or omissions of Gomes or its agents. The parties dispute the meaning of this provision. Scottsdale argues that United Rentals is only covered where the liability is caused by the acts of Gomes — in other words, for claims of vicarious liability. It cites Schafer v. Paragano Custom Bldg., Inc., No. A-2512-08T3, 2010 WL 624108, at *3 (N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div. Feb. 24, 2010) (per curiam) in support of this position (near-identical language "provides coverage for a claim asserted against Paragano for vicarious liability; it does not provide coverage for a claim against Paragano for its own direct negligence"). United Rentals, conversely, argues that it is covered where the injury or damage was caused by the acts of Gomes. It has its own, longer list of cases in support. See, e.g., First Mercury Ins. Co. v. Shawmut Woodworking & Supply, Inc., 48 F.Supp.3d 158, 173 (D.Conn.2014) (describing history of provision, lack of clear language related to vicarious liability, and tension of phrase "in whole or in part' with interpretation limited to vicarious liability"); Am. Empire Surplus Lines Ins. Co. v. Crum & Forster Specialty Ins. Co., No. CIV. H-06-0004, 2006 WL 1441854, at *7 (S.D.Tex. May 23, 2006) (parties were "free to draft an endorsement that specifically limited additional insured coverage to situations which the additional insured was liable on only a vicarious liability theory," but did not do so).

I need not resolve this interpretive dispute, however, because the underlying claims against United Rentals would satisfy either test.5 Clearly, the Ayottes aim to hold United Rentals accountable for injuries caused by the acts of Gomes; no one disputes that Gomes' operation of the lift caused Ayotte's injury. But the Ayottes have also pled a vicarious liability claim against United Rentals. In the first count of their amended complaint, for negligent operation and ownership liability, the Ayottes state that "United Rentals is liable to Plaintiffs, pursuant to R.I.G.L. § 1-34-4 and other controlling law, for all injuries Plaintiffs have sustained as a result of the negligent operation of the lift owned by United Rentals." This statement comes after three paragraphs describing the careless operation of the lift by Gomes and its employees. The Ayottes therefore appear, on the face of their pleadings, to be attempting to hold United Rentals vicariously liable for the negligent operation of the lift by Gomes.

The mention of R.I.G.L. § 31-34-4 emphasizes that these pleadings indeed sketch a claim of vicarious liability. That statute creates vicarious liability, stating that the owner of a for-hire vehicle "shall be jointly and severally liable with any person operating the vehicle for any damages caused by the negligence of any person operating the vehicle" (emphasis added). See also LaFratta v. Rhode Island Pub. Transit Auth., 751 A.2d 1281, 1285 (R.I.2000) (per curiam) (describing statute as creating vicarious liability). Thus, the underlying complaint plainly states at least one claim that is possibly covered by the policy terms; as a consequence, the duty to defend is triggered.

5. Regardless Whether It Provided Excess or Primary Coverage, Scottsdale Would Not Be Excused from Defending United Rentals

Scottsdale also denies a duty to defend based on the relationship of its policy covering Gomes with United Rentals' own policies, provided by the ACE American Insurance Company. The Scottsdale blanket additional insured endorsement includes the following terms:

Scottsdale argues that its coverage was excess, not primary, and that therefore it has no duty to defend nor to cover United Rentals until United Rentals' own coverage has been exhausted. Much of this argument relates to Scottsdale's duty to indemnify, not its duty to defend, and so remains unripe. And as concerns the duty to defend, most of the issues raised — whether self-insurance is "valid and collectible insurance," for example, or which of United Rentals' own policies would govern in this case — are immaterial.

For the duty to defend, the key provision of this endorsement is that Scottsdale will have no duty to defend only if another insurer does have a duty to defend against that suit. Neither of the two relevant insurance policies directly covering United Rentals requires ACE to defend United Rentals. Whether Scottsdale's policy is primary, excess, or otherwise, it is the only insurer with a potential obligation to defend United Rentals, and so under the terms of the policy, it must "undertake to do so."6 At a later stage, it may become necessary to adjudicate how the parties' various policies interact; in determining the duty to defend, the matter is clear that Scottsdale bears that duty.

C. Breach of the Duty to Defend

Scottsdale did not undertake a defense of United Rentals subject to a reservation of rights. Rather, it has consistently denied United Rentals a defense in the underlying action. Given the existence of a duty to defend in the underlying suit, as established in this memorandum, the failure to provide such a defense constitute breach of contract. Accordingly, United Rentals is entitled to recover the costs of its defense in the underlying suit to date. Additionally, under Massachusetts law, it may also recover the reasonable attorney's fees and expenses it incurred in this declaratory judgment action to establish the duty to defend. Rubenstein v. Royal Ins. Co. of Am., 429 Mass. 355, 708 N.E.2d 639, 641 (1999), citing Preferred Mut. Ins. Co. v. Gamache, 426 Mass. 93,686 N.E.2d 989 (1997).7

V. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, I GRANT IN PART and DENY IN PART the respective motions for summary judgment of Scottsdale [#48] and United Rentals [#50]. I dismiss the request of United Rentals for declaratory judgment with respect to indemnification as insufficiently ripe for resolution. I declare that Scottsdale owes United Rentals, as an additional insured, a duty to defend in the underlying Ayotte action. I further find Scottsdale in breach of that duty and order it to reimburse United Rentals for the reasonable costs of its defense in both the Ayotte action and in this declaratory judgment action. The parties are directed to submit on or before January 22, 2016 a joint status and scheduling order outlining the process to be followed to bring this case to final judgment.